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Реализация концепта «хитрость» в идиомах английского языка. Presentation of Concept “Cunning”in the idioms of the English language.

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Not only by words do people communicate to each other, they use a wide range of phraseological units or idioms they know without thinking of their collocation structure and composition. In case of the intercultural dialogue which is at a loss use of different languages as a communication medium, it is very difficult to find an equivalent to this or that non-idiomatic and idiomatic phrases they use because every language has its own cultural traditions making you quite frequently use a wide range of idiomatic phrases, which do not have their equivalents in other languages.
This or that slice of a reality, this or that concept has different forms of language idiomatic phrases or idioms in various languages, which are more or less full, to some extent specific.
The language consciousness in whole of each nation or ethnic group is important, as self-identification of this or that language speaker is realized by means of creating specific idioms.
The practice of language communication shows that each language is not a mechanical appendage of concrete culture as in this condition it could not be used in numerous situations of intercultural dialogue resulting in exchange of a number of non-idiomatic and idiomatic phrases referring to this or that concept interesting to a linguist. The linguistic relativity would limit potential features of each language to the frameworks of one culture. Actually one of the major properties of the language is its universality allowing a native speaker to use his or her mother tongue as a means of dialogue in all potentially possible situations of communications, including communication with representatives of other cultures.
The process of idiomatic phrases formation in each particular language highly depends on the national character of mass consciousness resulting in producing this or thhat implicit motivation of any type of word formation process involved.
The research is aimed at detailed analisis of English phraseology, which is the subject of this scientific research.
The object of the research is English phraseological units or idiomatic phrases presenting such a concept as “cunning”, that can be expressed in them either explicitly or implicitly.
The urgency of the present research is determined by the general orientation of the modern paradigms of English phraseological units or idiomatic phrases, which make intercultural communication tremendously difficult and lead from time to time to communication troubles.
So as to possess some theoretical basis required concerning linguistics we refer to the latest theories of concept specifics, reference, idiomatic and non- idiomatic fixed phrases developed by a number of researchers, whose researches are referred to in the bibliography further on.
The objective of our research is analysis of English idioms devoted to the concept “cunning” either literally or figuratively. Therefore we intend to take into consideration the following tasks:
describing impact of culture on the language in general,
characterizing concept and conceptual picture of the world,
considering denotation and connotation,
outlining some distinctive features and types of both idiomatic and non- idiomatic fixed phrases,
analyzing specificity of idiomatic fixed phrases English referring to such a concept as “cunning” taking into consideration their form, structure, semantics as well as the problem of their adequate interpretation into Russian.
The topicality is explained by the profound interest to the peculiarities of this or that concept realization means as well as idiomatic and non- idiomatic fixed phrases in the English and Russian languages.
The scientific novelty of the research is defined by the concrete result of investigation that can be useful for forthcoming studies of the concept “cunning” idiomatic singularity.
The methods of investigations used in this research are:
• method of classification;
• descriptive method;
• comparative and translation methods;
• method of semantic analysis.
The theoretical significance of the research is motivated by the necessity to find out words as well as idiomatic and non-idiomatic fixed phrases referring to the concept “cunning” as well as paying attention to the problem of their adequate translation.
The practical significance of the research is defined by the results of the study, which can help to understand the distinctive features of English idiomatic phrases referring to some particular concepts.
The present research consists of Introduction, Chapter 1 “The Problem of Differentiation of Idiomatic and Non-idiomatic Fixed Phrases”, Chapter 2 “Analysis of Idioms Presenting Concept “Cunning” in the English Language”, Conclusion and Bibliography. In the first part of our study we take into account specific features of concept formation and specifics, denotation and connotation, distinctive features and types of idiomatic and non- idiomatic phrases fixed phrases.
In the second part of our research we characterize English distinctive features and types of such a concept as “cunning” expressed both explicitly and implicitly, by means of various idiomatic expressions.
The bibliography contains 64 items.
The matter of our research is various idioms we have found in a number of various dictionaries of English idioms.
The research volume is 75 pages.


Introduction 3
Chapter I. The Problem of Differentiation of Idiomatic and Non-idiomatic Fixed Phrases 6
1.1. Language As a Culture Element. Conceptual Picture of the World: Denotation and Connotation of Various Word Combinations 6
1.2. Distinctive Features and Types of Fixed Phrases and Idioms or Idiomatic Fixed Phrases 9
1.3. Term “Concept” as a Cognitive Research Item and Ways of its Linguistic Expression 20
1.4. Phraseologisms in the Conceptual Picture of the World 24
Summary of the Chapter 1 31
Chapter II. Analysis of Idioms Presenting Concept “Cunning” in the English Language 32
2.1. Sources of the Research Data 32
2.2. Constituents of the Concept “Cunning” Represented by Words as well as Non-idiomatic Fixed Phrases ” in the English Language 32
2.3. Specific Features of the Concept “Cunning” Represented by English Idioms 37
2.4. Problem of Adequate Translation of English Idioms Referring to the Concept “Cunning” into the Russian Language 58
Summary of the Chapter 2 65
Conclusion 66
Bibliography 69
Dictionaries Used 72



Idiomatic phrases of various types, idioms, as the are most commonly referred to in the UK and USA, and phraseological units as the are most commonly referred to in Russia, are just a type of many other fixed phrases, such as slang phrases, euphemistic phrases, terminological phrases and clichés, the boundary between which is highly changeable, so we can deal with fixed phrases, which are considered to be both phraseological units and slang phrases, phraseological units and euphemistic phrases, phraseological units and terminological phrases, with most of them being classified without such an ambiguity.
In general tendencies of the English laguageare towards more implicit and idiomatic speech. I is important that our research on the concept “cunning” idioms should show the other people what the English language is nowadays like and how it is developing.
Idioms of the concept “cunning” are not a separate part of the English language, which one can choose either to use or to omit; they form an essential part of the vocabulary of fixed phrases having highly (idioms ( идиоматические фразеологические выражения) and phraseological fusions (фразеологические сращения)), fairly (phraseological unities (фразеологические единства)), or a little bit (phraseological combinations (фразеологические сочетания)) idiomatic, connotative, expressive or implicit meaning. They are quite different to Russian ones, which makes the problem of their translation a highly complicated issue.
All the types of the phraseological units we mentioned are commonly popular in Russia. English-speaking linguists traditionally use such a term as idioms and classify them into slang-originated, euphemism-originated ones as well as highly, fairly or a little bit colloquial ones, those derived from some professional sphere, for example, economics or high technologies.
In any professional sphere (not only in economics or high technologies) there are a lot of slang or jaron fixed phrases which before too long become constituents of the idiomatic or phraseological conceptual picture of the world.
The vocabulary of the English language grows continually with new developments in knowledge resulting in appearance of some new idioms because new ideas need new symbols to denote them. Without new idioms, communication of the contemporary ideas would hardly be possible. Many new idioms belonging to the concept “cunning” have come from slang and therefore are highly implicit. Since they lack equivalents in Russian when translating them we most frequently have to use ordinary words or noniidiomatic fixed phrases belonging to the concept “cunning”, preferring to use metaphorically derivated, informal and highly connotated ones
Most constituents of the concept “cunning” in the English language can take on an additional (implicit) meaning in a special context. For example, the field of economics has given new meaning to formerly nonidiomatic phrases which have become idioms and even got polysematical.
The attitude of the English speakers towards style is also becoming more flexible. Several fixed phrases which were considered to be slang in the past have gradually been up-graded in status and are now often considered idioms of the concept “cunning” sphere. This is partly motivated by the spread in the use of some highly expressive fixed phrases by intelligent English speakers.
It is important to realize that idioms of the concept “cunning” sphere are not only colloquial expressions, as a lot of people reckon. They appear in informal style communication and in conversation, in internet chats, in the novels, stories and plays of the most gifted writers.
Having a look at the issue of adequate interpretation of English idioms of the concept “cunning” we have come to the conclusion that above all, when interpreting these idiomatic fixed phrases any experienced Russian translators should pay attention to the phraseological units and fixed phrases of their mother tongue neglecting their structure or different word components, since semantics of them is the most significant factor.
They ought to maintain their concept “cunning” status trying to be creative enough suggesting that this or that nonidiomatic phrase or word, component of concept “cunning” sphere is implicit and expressive enough to be considered an adequate option of this or that concept “cunning” idiom lacking any equivalents in the Russian language.

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Фрагменты работ

Not only by words do people communicate to each other, they use a wide range of phraseological units or idioms they know without thinking of their collocation structure and composition. In case of the intercultural dialogue which is at a loss use of different languages as a communication medium, it is very difficult to find an equivalent to this or that non-idiomatic and idiomatic phrases they use because every language has its own cultural traditions making you quite frequently use a wide range of idiomatic phrases, which do not have their equivalents in other languages.
This or that slice of a reality, this or that concept has different forms of language idiomatic phrases or idioms in various languages, which are more or less full, to some extent specific.
The language consciousness in whole of each nation or ethnic group is important, as self-identification of this or that language speaker is realized by means of creating specific idioms.
The practice of language communication shows that each language is not a mechanical appendage of concrete culture as in this condition it could not be used in numerous situations of intercultural dialogue resulting in exchange of a number of non-idiomatic and idiomatic phrases referring to this or that concept interesting to a linguist. The linguistic relativity would limit potential features of each language to the frameworks of one culture. Actually one of the major properties of the language is its universality allowing a native speaker to use his or her mother tongue as a means of dialogue in all potentially possible situations of communications, including communication with representatives of other cultures.
The process of idiomatic phrases formation in each particular language highly depends on the national character of mass consciousness resulting in producing this or thhat implicit motivation of any type of word formation process involved.
The research is aimed at detailed analisis of English phraseology, which is the subject of this scientific research.
The object of the research is English phraseological units or idiomatic phrases presenting such a concept as “cunning”, that can be expressed in them either explicitly or implicitly.
The urgency of the present research is determined by the general orientation of the modern paradigms of English phraseological units or idiomatic phrases, which make intercultural communication tremendously difficult and lead from time to time to communication troubles.
So as to possess some theoretical basis required concerning linguistics we refer to the latest theories of concept specifics, reference, idiomatic and non- idiomatic fixed phrases developed by a number of researchers, whose researches are referred to in the bibliography further on.
The objective of our research is analysis of English idioms devoted to the concept “cunning” either literally or figuratively. Therefore we intend to take into consideration the following tasks:
describing impact of culture on the language in general,
characterizing concept and conceptual picture of the world,
considering denotation and connotation,
outlining some distinctive features and types of both idiomatic and non- idiomatic fixed phrases,
analyzing specificity of idiomatic fixed phrases English referring to such a concept as “cunning” taking into consideration their form, structure, semantics as well as the problem of their adequate interpretation into Russian.
The topicality is explained by the profound interest to the peculiarities of this or that concept realization means as well as idiomatic and non- idiomatic fixed phrases in the English and Russian languages.
The scientific novelty of the research is defined by the concrete result of investigation that can be useful for forthcoming studies of the concept “cunning” idiomatic singularity.
The methods of investigations used in this research are:
• method of classification;
• descriptive method;
• comparative and translation methods;
• method of semantic analysis.
The theoretical significance of the research is motivated by the necessity to find out words as well as idiomatic and non-idiomatic fixed phrases referring to the concept “cunning” as well as paying attention to the problem of their adequate translation.
The practical significance of the research is defined by the results of the study, which can help to understand the distinctive features of English idiomatic phrases referring to some particular concepts.
The present research consists of Introduction, Chapter 1 “The Problem of Differentiation of Idiomatic and Non-idiomatic Fixed Phrases”, Chapter 2 “Analysis of Idioms Presenting Concept “Cunning” in the English Language”, Conclusion and Bibliography. In the first part of our study we take into account specific features of concept formation and specifics, denotation and connotation, distinctive features and types of idiomatic and non- idiomatic phrases fixed phrases.
In the second part of our research we characterize English distinctive features and types of such a concept as “cunning” expressed both explicitly and implicitly, by means of various idiomatic expressions.
The bibliography contains 64 items.
The matter of our research is various idioms we have found in a number of various dictionaries of English idioms.
The research volume is 75 pages.


Introduction 3
Chapter I. The Problem of Differentiation of Idiomatic and Non-idiomatic Fixed Phrases 6
1.1. Language As a Culture Element. Conceptual Picture of the World: Denotation and Connotation of Various Word Combinations 6
1.2. Distinctive Features and Types of Fixed Phrases and Idioms or Idiomatic Fixed Phrases 9
1.3. Term “Concept” as a Cognitive Research Item and Ways of its Linguistic Expression 20
1.4. Phraseologisms in the Conceptual Picture of the World 24
Summary of the Chapter 1 31
Chapter II. Analysis of Idioms Presenting Concept “Cunning” in the English Language 32
2.1. Sources of the Research Data 32
2.2. Constituents of the Concept “Cunning” Represented by Words as well as Non-idiomatic Fixed Phrases ” in the English Language 32
2.3. Specific Features of the Concept “Cunning” Represented by English Idioms 37
2.4. Problem of Adequate Translation of English Idioms Referring to the Concept “Cunning” into the Russian Language 58
Summary of the Chapter 2 65
Conclusion 66
Bibliography 69
Dictionaries Used 72



Idiomatic phrases of various types, idioms, as the are most commonly referred to in the UK and USA, and phraseological units as the are most commonly referred to in Russia, are just a type of many other fixed phrases, such as slang phrases, euphemistic phrases, terminological phrases and clichés, the boundary between which is highly changeable, so we can deal with fixed phrases, which are considered to be both phraseological units and slang phrases, phraseological units and euphemistic phrases, phraseological units and terminological phrases, with most of them being classified without such an ambiguity.
In general tendencies of the English laguageare towards more implicit and idiomatic speech. I is important that our research on the concept “cunning” idioms should show the other people what the English language is nowadays like and how it is developing.
Idioms of the concept “cunning” are not a separate part of the English language, which one can choose either to use or to omit; they form an essential part of the vocabulary of fixed phrases having highly (idioms ( идиоматические фразеологические выражения) and phraseological fusions (фразеологические сращения)), fairly (phraseological unities (фразеологические единства)), or a little bit (phraseological combinations (фразеологические сочетания)) idiomatic, connotative, expressive or implicit meaning. They are quite different to Russian ones, which makes the problem of their translation a highly complicated issue.
All the types of the phraseological units we mentioned are commonly popular in Russia. English-speaking linguists traditionally use such a term as idioms and classify them into slang-originated, euphemism-originated ones as well as highly, fairly or a little bit colloquial ones, those derived from some professional sphere, for example, economics or high technologies.
In any professional sphere (not only in economics or high technologies) there are a lot of slang or jaron fixed phrases which before too long become constituents of the idiomatic or phraseological conceptual picture of the world.
The vocabulary of the English language grows continually with new developments in knowledge resulting in appearance of some new idioms because new ideas need new symbols to denote them. Without new idioms, communication of the contemporary ideas would hardly be possible. Many new idioms belonging to the concept “cunning” have come from slang and therefore are highly implicit. Since they lack equivalents in Russian when translating them we most frequently have to use ordinary words or noniidiomatic fixed phrases belonging to the concept “cunning”, preferring to use metaphorically derivated, informal and highly connotated ones
Most constituents of the concept “cunning” in the English language can take on an additional (implicit) meaning in a special context. For example, the field of economics has given new meaning to formerly nonidiomatic phrases which have become idioms and even got polysematical.
The attitude of the English speakers towards style is also becoming more flexible. Several fixed phrases which were considered to be slang in the past have gradually been up-graded in status and are now often considered idioms of the concept “cunning” sphere. This is partly motivated by the spread in the use of some highly expressive fixed phrases by intelligent English speakers.
It is important to realize that idioms of the concept “cunning” sphere are not only colloquial expressions, as a lot of people reckon. They appear in informal style communication and in conversation, in internet chats, in the novels, stories and plays of the most gifted writers.
Having a look at the issue of adequate interpretation of English idioms of the concept “cunning” we have come to the conclusion that above all, when interpreting these idiomatic fixed phrases any experienced Russian translators should pay attention to the phraseological units and fixed phrases of their mother tongue neglecting their structure or different word components, since semantics of them is the most significant factor.
They ought to maintain their concept “cunning” status trying to be creative enough suggesting that this or that nonidiomatic phrase or word, component of concept “cunning” sphere is implicit and expressive enough to be considered an adequate option of this or that concept “cunning” idiom lacking any equivalents in the Russian language.

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